而明代的言官在政治舞台上也确实声名赫赫,在诸多重大问题上都做出过震撼人心的举动,尤以对皇帝的规谏最为突出。如嘉靖皇帝沉溺斋醮青词,不理政事,御史杨爵痛心疾首,上书极谏,被下诏狱,备受酷刑,数次昏死,仍泰然处之。其他言官得知后即冒死声援,也付出了血的代价。由于言官对于皇帝的德行非常关注,那些游戏国事、昏庸不振、生活奢靡、长期怠政的皇帝就经常遭到言官的批鳞谏诤,以致于皇帝也怕起言官来。如万历皇帝一日在宫里演戏嬉乐,忽闻巡城御史呵呼声,亟命止歌。为什么呢?他说:“我畏御史。”监督、制约朝廷重臣则是明代言官的主要职责,而从明代的历史看,几乎一内阁首辅没有受到言官的弹劾和抨击,其中大部分首辅都是在言官的舆论攻势中倒下政坛或离开要职的。最突出的史例是在严嵩专权乱政的20年间,言官从未停歇过对严嵩父子的斗争。虽然言官们付出了惨重的代价,重则被杀害,轻则受杖责、遭流放,但仍然弹劾不止,终使严嵩父子得到应有的下场。
如在万历年间,神宗皇帝聚敛天下财富,派出大批宦官充当矿监税使,鱼肉地方,大批言官即纷起抗争,交章弹劾,言辞亢直激烈,不断给神宗皇帝施加压力。正是言官的努力,终于使皇帝与宦官的上述劣行得到遏制。此外,在明代,言官在澄清吏治、除暴安民以及发展经济、维护边防等方面,也发挥了较大的积极作用。可以说,在明代国家与社会发展的各个领域,都可见到言官主动而积极的身影,而不少人也是在言官的职位上崭露头角。如人们熟知的刘基、夏言、于谦、王守仁、王世贞、郑晓、唐顺之、海瑞、袁可立、杨涟等都曾担任过言官,并在言官职位上留下铮铮响名。当然,更有许多言官为忠贞职守而鞠躬尽瘁,留下了动人的事迹。万历时皇帝宠信后宫,弄权误国,朝纲废弛。二十三年九月,景德门遭雷击,巡城御史袁可立上疏针砭时弊:“近年以来,议论兹多,致干圣怒,摈斥不下百十余人。岂言事诸臣尽不可用耶?如使诸臣为济私,孰与缄口持禄,附会保全之为便?使诸臣为市恩,孰与将顺曲从,得君固宠之为愈?使诸臣为沽忠卖直,亦必其人有怀忠慕直之心,耻为依回淟涊之态者。如概弃不用,臣恐謇谔之士不蒙甄录,相率噤口结舌,国家大事谁复为皇上言之!”。疏上,夺俸一年。袁可立不为动,再次上疏,矛头直指皇帝:“礼祀不亲,朝讲未视,章奏不以时批答,废弃不皆录用,传造日增,赏罚日滥,非所以尽修省之实。”。袁可立尖锐地指出时局之严峻:“西虏跳梁,播酋负固东海,倭患未熄,中原灾害频仍”,力谏皇帝“亲郊祀,勤朝讲,批章奏,录遗贤,明赏罚,化朋党”。疏上,触怒神宗皇帝,他还抗旨斩杀了万历皇帝的弄臣,皇帝最终于万历二十四年正月初十将袁可立削职为民,沉冤达二十六年之久。“公陟山西道监察御史,数梗言罢归。”朝中大臣为袁可立鸣冤者十数年不绝,帝皆不听,史称“震门之冤”。
明代言官这种敢言直谏的风节和精神,源于儒家的政治伦理、道德传统的浸染和塑造。在治国平天下的人生目标的激励下,众多官僚士大夫都恪守为君为国为民的基本原则,直言谏诤,所谓“臣言已行,臣死何憾”,其中虽也有愚忠的内涵,但于国于民于社会还是有益的。特别是明代言官形成了一种强烈的群体意识,一批言官忠实地履行着监督与纠察的职责,对于朝廷的各种权力体系起到了一种较强的制约与规范作用,在一定程度上也确实遏制了由于权力带来的弊端以及衍生出来的种种腐化因素。其中也有个别言官事生非迫害忠良。
赋予了特权,便有了对于特权承担人素质的较高要求。宋代司马光曾言:“凡择言官,当以三事为先:第一不爱富贵,次则重惜名节,次则晓知治体。”对于言官的道德品性及政治素质都提出了很高的要求。明代对于言官的素养品质则有着更高的标准,首先,“必国而忘家,忠而忘身之士”;其次,必须正派刚直,介直敢言,而不患得患失,爱身固禄;再次,具有突出的学识才干,既通晓朝廷各方政务,洞悉利弊动态,又能博涉古今,引鉴前史。除此之外,还须具备一定的仕途经历,历练稳重;对于年龄、出身以及文章、词辩等方面的能力也有具体的要求。总之,言官必须具备秉公据实,善辨是非,敢论曲直,既勤且廉等优秀品质,品行、才识不可缺失。
但到了崇祯一朝,御史言官早已失去了应有的一身正气,成为了党争的工具。
正在崇祯被气的欲死欲仙的档口,一个声音从殿外传来…
“山西大捷!山西大捷!山西大捷!”快马信使手拿捷报,奔跑在紫禁城内。
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