第四十八章 八股(1 / 2)

览清记 张说怿 1043 字 2022-04-26

裴琅听他这么说,心里升起一股带坏好孩子的罪恶感。“你可别做傻事啊。”他提醒道。

“放心罢,我晓得分寸。”于敏中信心十足地说道“我先跟俞家沟通一二,倘若他们家同意配合自然再好不过;倘若不同意我就去劝祖父,实在劝不住再这样。”

裴琅点点头,又陪他说了会儿话才转过身去。

丁尔戬像往常一样掐着时辰走进教室。他仍旧穿着一身青布衣裳,头戴雀顶,足蹬长靴,浑身上下充斥着使不完的精气神儿。他把书重重地往讲台上一撂,高声道:“今日不讲新课,我打算跟诸位聊聊何谓八股。”

众学生一听不讲课了,顿时欢呼雀跃起来,纷纷嚷嚷着想听他讲。

丁尔戬示意他们安静,然后慢慢讲道:“八股者,乃制义、制艺、时文、八比文、四书文之总称,始于北宋神宗时的王临川变法,历时数百年绵延至今。”

他的声音铿锵有力,一字一句掷地有声,一开口便吸引住了众人的心神。

“八股以儒学为宗,集汉赋与魏晋骈体文之所长,承策论与律诗对偶韵之严谨,乃诸类文章之集大成者。”他边讲边在讲台上踱着方步“八股之‘股’有‘比’之意,因此八股文又称八比文。《诗经》有云:比者,喻也。比喻手法在八股文中的地位可见一斑。”

他讲话文言气息太重,裴琅听得很是吃力,不得不拿起纸笔先记录下来,留到以后慢慢理解。

丁尔戬完全不考虑自己的说话方式旁人听起来是否费力,仍自顾自地说道:“八股因其紧贴时事,故又称时文;因其内容源自四书,故又称四书文;因其乃皇帝下命所做之文,故又称制义或制艺;因其正文分为提比、中比、后比、束比四联,故而得名四联八股。”

“八股文虽名为八股,其程式却并非一成不变。具体作文时可有所更改,六股、十股、十四股皆可。但论点必须固定在八个,即从八个方面阐述文章主旨,字数在三百至七百之间。”

“八股文虽然字数颇少,但其写作方法却是无穷无尽的。八股文由破题、承题、起讲、入题、股对和结尾六部分组成,其中破题手法便有明破、暗破、顺破、倒破、正破、反破、分破和对破八种;承题有直接、陡接、紧接、缓接和遥接五种。”

他往台下巡视了一圈,然后接着道:“起讲也有直起、陡起、引起、另起和按题大概起五种;入题九种,股对八种,共三十六种。这三十六种互相组合,就成无穷无尽之势。”

裴琅第一次听人把八股文的种种方法总结得这么详细,不禁竖起了耳朵边听边记,生怕漏掉了一个字。

“众所周知,八股文的考试内容是四书五经。以阴阳上去入五音构成文章,使全文听起来好听,读起来有劲,如诵如歌。因此八股文不光是为了看,更是为了读。”

丁尔戬说到这里,突然问道“尔等可知为何只考四书五经?”

这话问住了班上一大批人。

于敏中思考了一会,举手道:“盖因四书五经乃是圣人所做,考这些便于弘扬圣人之言,宣扬教化之功。”

“是一个方面。”丁尔戬道“但还没到点子上,还有何人有不同意见?”

全班鸦雀无声,众人你看看我,我看看你,都不知还有什么原因。

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