第756章(2 / 2)

“‘龙舟竞渡’是在战国时代就已有的习俗。”

“战国时期,人们在急鼓声中划刻成龙形的独木舟,做竞渡游戏,以娱神与乐人,此时的龙舟竞渡是祭仪中半宗教性、半娱乐性的节目。”

“在两湖地区,祭屈原与赛龙舟是紧密相关的。”

“可能屈原及曹娥、伍子胥等逝去后,当地人民也曾用魂舟送其灵魂归葬,故有此俗。”

“但赛龙舟除纪念屈原之外,在各地人们还赋予了不同的寓意。”

“龙船竞渡前,先要请龙、祭神。如广东龙舟,在端午前要从水下起出,祭过在南海神庙中的南海神后,安上龙头、龙尾,再准备竞渡。并且买一对纸制小公鸡置龙船上,认为可保佑船平安。闽、台则往妈祖庙祭拜。有的直接在河边祭龙头,杀鸡滴血于龙头之上,如四川、贵州等个别地区。”

“赛龙舟前会举行各种祭祀、纪念之仪式,一般都是点香烛,烧纸钱,供以鸡、米、肉、供果、粽子等。”

“如今这些含有迷信色彩朗仪式已很少见,但在过去,人们祭祀龙神庙时气氛很严肃,多祈求农业丰收、风调雨顺、去邪祟、攘灾异、事事如意,也保佑划船平安。用人们的话说,‘图个吉利’,表达人们内心良好的愿望”

“而龙舟竞赛作为一项水上运动,经历了功利性、纪念性和竞技性三种基本形态。”

“功利型的龙舟竞渡,是指起始萌生阶段的龙舟竞渡,从时间上讲,大致在先秦。原始时期的先民,在水上捕捞、渡水劳动,特别是在水患中的逃命、救人和水上争斗中,争相竞渡。”

“纪念型的龙舟竞渡,形成于汉魏六朝,延续至今。吴国人周处《风土记》是最早记录端午竞渡的文献,说明三国时,‘端午竞渡’已成为风气。而记录龙舟竞渡是为了纪念屈原的最早文献,是梁代吴均、宗懔和唐代魏征留下的资料。其中魏征在《志》中写道:“屈原五月望日赴汨罗,土人追至洞庭不见,湖上船小,莫得济者,乃歌曰‘何由得渡湖?’因而鼓掉争归,竞会亭上,习以相传,为竞渡之戏。其迅楫齐驱,梢歌乱响,喧振水陆,观者如云,诸郡率然。”自此,端午竞渡这一民俗统一在“纪念屈原”这个具有凝聚力的主题上。”

“竞技型龙舟竞渡,形成于20世纪70年代至90年代,其发展可追溯至1976年举行的香港龙舟邀请赛,此后,龙舟竞赛成为现代体育项目,热潮席卷全球30多个国家。在国际上,龙舟运动基本上是一种竞技型的体育项目。1980年,赛龙舟被列入中国国家体育比赛项目,并每年举行“屈原杯”龙舟赛。1991年6月16日(农历五月初五),在屈原的第二故乡中国湖南岳阳市,举行首届国际龙舟节。在竞渡前,举行了既保存传统仪式又注入新的现代因素的“龙头祭”。“龙头”被抬入屈子祠内,由运动员给龙头“上红”(披红带)后,主祭人宣读祭文,并为龙头“开光”(即点睛)。然后,参加祭龙的全体人员三鞠躬,龙头即被抬去汨罗江,奔向龙舟赛场。此次参加比赛、交易会和联欢活动的多达60余万人。尔后,湖南省汨罗市便于每年农历五月初五端午节举办国际龙舟节。”

“在2010年5月18日,中国文化部公布了第三批国家级非物质文化遗产名录推荐项目名单(新入选项目)。湖南省沅陵县,广东省东莞市万江区,贵州省铜仁市、镇远县联合申报的“赛龙舟”入选,列入传统体育、游艺与杂技项杂技项目类的非物质文化遗产。”

“而在明末清初广东著名学者屈大均《广东新语》卷十八记载:“五月时,洪流滂濞,放于百里。乡人为龙舟之会,观者画船云合,首尾相衔,士女如山,乘潮下上,日已暮而未散。龙舟长十余丈,高七八尺,龙髯去水二尺。额与项坐六七人。中有锦亭,坐倍之。旗者、盖者、钲鼓者、挥桡击枻者,不下七八十人。竞渡则惊涛涌起,雷雨交驰。舟去而水痕久不能合。斯亦游观之至侈者。广中龙船,惟东莞最盛。自五月朔至晦,乡乡有之。如彭峡者可纪也。……广中(珠江三角洲)龙船,惟东莞最盛。自五月朔至晦(从初一到三十),乡乡有之。”

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