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摇木者一一摄其叶,则劳而不遍;左右拊其本,而叶遍摇矣。临渊而摇木,鸟惊而高,鱼恐而下。善张网者引其纲,若一一摄万目而后得,则是劳而难;引其纲,而鱼已囊矣。故吏者,民之本、纲者也,故圣人治吏不治民。

救火者,令吏挈壶瓮而走火,则一人之用也;操鞭箠指麾而趣使人,则制万夫。是以圣人不亲细民,明主不躬小事。造父方耨,时有子父乘车过者,马惊而不行,其子下车牵马,父子推车,请造助我推车。造父因收器,辍而寄载之,援其子之乘。乃始检辔持策,未之用也,而马咸骛矣。使造父而不能御,虽尽力劳身助之推车,马犹不肯行也。今身使佚,且寄载,有德于人者,有术而御之也。故国者,君之车也;势者,君之马也。无术以御之,身虽劳,犹不免乱;有术以御之,身处佚乐之地,又致帝王之功也。

椎锻者,所以平不夷也;榜檠者,所以矫不宜也。圣人之为法也,所以平不夷、矫不直也。淖齿之用齐也,擢闵王之筋;李兑之用赵也,饿杀主父。此二君者,皆不能用其椎锻榜檠,故身死为戮而为天下笑。

一曰:入齐,则独闻淖齿而不闻齐王;人赵,则独闻李兑而不闻赵王。故曰:人主者不操术,则威势轻而臣擅名。

一曰:武灵王使惠文王莅政,李兑为相,武灵王不以身躬亲杀生之柄,故劫于李兑。

一曰:田婴相齐,人有说王者曰:“终岁之计,王不一以数日之间自听之,则无以知吏之奸邪得失也。”王曰:“善。”田婴闻之,即送请于王而听其计。王将听之矣,田婴令官具押券斗石参升之计。王自听计,计不胜听,罢食后,复坐,不复暮食美。田婴复谓曰:“群臣所终岁日夜不敢偷怠之事也,王以一夕听之,则群臣有为劝勉矣。”王曰:“诺。”俄而王已睡矣,吏尽揄刀削其押券升石之计。王听之,乱乃始生。

说五

兹郑子引辇上高梁而不能支。兹郑踞辕而歌,前者止,后者趋,辇乃上。使兹郑无术以致人,则身虽绝力至死,辇犹不上也。今身不至劳苦而辇以上者,有术以致人之故也。

赵简主出税者,吏请轻重。简主曰:“勿轻勿重。重,则利入于上;若轻,则利归于民。束无私利而正矣。”薄疑调赵简主曰:“君之国中饱。”简主欣然而喜曰:“何如焉?”对曰:“府库空虚于上,百姓贫饿于下,然而奸吏富矣。”

齐桓公微服以巡民家,人有年老而自养者,桓公问其故。对日:“臣有子三人,家贫无以妻之,佣未反。”桓公归,以告管仲。管仲曰:“畜积有腐弃之财,则人饥饿;宫中有怨女,则民无妻。”桓公曰:“善。”乃论宫中有妇人而嫁之。下令于民日:“丈夫二十而室,妇人十五而嫁。”

一曰:桓公微服而行于民间,有鹿门稷者,行年七十而无妻。桓公问管仲曰:“有民老而无妻者平?”管仲曰:“有鹿门稷者,行年七十矣而无妻。”桓公曰:“何以令之有妻?”管仲曰:“臣闻之:上有积财,则民臣必匾乏于下;宫中有怨女,则有老而无妻者。”桓公曰:“善。”令于宫中“女子未尝御出嫁之”。乃令男子年二十而室,女年十五而嫁。则内无怨女,外无旷夫。

延陵卓子乘苍龙挑文之乘,钩饰在前,错錣在后。马欲进则钩饰禁之,欲退则错錣贯之,马因旁出。造父过而为之泣涕,曰:“古之治人亦然矣。夫赏所以劝之,而毁存焉;罚所以禁之,而誉加焉。民中立而不知所由,此亦圣人之所为泣也。”

一曰:延陵卓子乘苍龙与翟文之乘,前则有错饰,后则有利鎚,进则引之,退则策之。马前不得进,后不得退,遂避而逸,因下抽刀而刎其脚。造父见之,泣,终日不食,因仰天而叹曰:“策,所以进之也,错饰在前;引,所以退之也,利錣在后。今人主以其清洁也进之,以其不适左右也退之;以其公正也誉之,以其不听从也废之。民惧,中立而不知所由,此圣人之所为泣也。”

晋文公将与楚人战,召舅犯问之,曰:“吾将与楚人战,彼众我寡,为之奈何?”舅犯曰:“臣闻之,繁礼君子,不厌忠信;战阵之间,不厌诈伪。君其诈之而已矣。”文公辞舅犯,因召雍季而问之,曰:“我将与楚人战,彼众我寡,为之奈何?”雍季对曰:“焚林而田,偷取多兽,后必无兽;以诈遇民,偷取一时,后必无复。”文公曰:“善。”辞雍季,以舅犯之谋与楚人战以败之。归而行爵,先雍季而后舅犯。群臣曰:“城濮之事,舅犯谋也。夫用其言而后其身,可乎?”文公曰:“此非君所知也。夫舅犯言,一时之权也;雍季言,万世之利也。”仲尼闻之,曰:“文公之霸也,宜哉!既知一时之权,又知万世之利。”

或曰:雍季之对,不当文公之问。凡对问者,有因问小大缓急而对也。所问高大,而对以卑狭,则明主弗受也。今文公问“以少遇众”,而对曰“后必无复”,此非所以应也。且文公不不知一时之权,又不知万世之利。战而胜,则国安而身定,兵强而威立,虽有后复,莫大于此,万世之利奚患不至?战而不胜,则国亡兵弱,身死名息,拔拂今日之死不及,安暇待万世之利?待万世之利,在今日之胜;今日之胜,在诈于敌;诈敌,万世之利而已。故曰:雍季之对,不当文公之问。且文公不知舅犯之言。舅犯所谓“不厌诈伪”者,不谓诈其民,谓诈其敌也。敌者,所伐之国也,后虽无复,何伤哉?文公之所以先雍季者,以其功耶?则所以胜楚破军者,舅犯之谋也;以其善言耶?则雍季乃道其“后之无复”也,此未有善言也。舅犯则以兼之矣。舅犯曰“繁礼君子,不厌忠信”者:忠,所以爱其下也;信,所以不欺其民也。夫既以爱而不欺矣,言孰善于此?然必曰“出于诈伪”者,军旅之计也。舅犯前有善言,后有战胜,故舅犯有二功而后论,雍季无一焉而先赏。“文公之霸,不亦宜乎?”仲尼不知善赏也。

历山之农者侵畔,舜往耕焉,期年。甽亩正。河滨之渔者争坻,舜往渔焉,期年而让长。东夷之陶者器苦窳,舜往陶焉,期年而器牢。仲尼叹曰:“耕、渔与陶,非舜官也,而舜往为之者,所以救败也。舜其信仁乎!乃躬藉处苦而民从之。故曰:“圣人之德化乎!”

或问儒者曰:“方此时也,尧安在?”其人曰:“尧为天子。”“然则仲尼之圣尧奈何?圣人明察在上位,将使天下无奸也。今耕渔不争,陶器不窳,舜又何德而化?舜之救败也,则是尧有失也。贤舜,则去尧之明察;圣尧,则去舜之德化:不可两得也。楚人有鬻盾与矛者,誉之曰:‘盾之坚,莫能陷也。'又誉其矛曰:‘吾矛之利,于物无不陷也。'或曰:‘以子之矛陷子之盾,何如?'其人弗能应也。夫不可陷之盾与无不陷之矛,不可同世而立。今尧、舜之不可两誉,矛盾之说也。且舜救败,期年已一过,三年已三过。舜有尽,寿有尽,天下过无已者,有尽逐无已,所止者寡矣。赏罚使天下必行之,令曰:‘中程者赏,弗中程者诛。'令朝至暮变,暮至朝变,十日而海内毕矣,奚待期年?舜犹不以此说尧令从己,乃躬亲,不亦无术乎?且夫以身为苦而后化民者,尧、舜之所难也;处势而骄下者,庸主之所易也。将治天下,释庸主之所易,道尧、舜之所难,未可与为政也。”

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