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开局重八做兄弟
每日一鸽
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2021-04-20
臣闻夷狄之为中国患,其来久矣。蛮夷猾夏见于《书》,犭严狁匪茹见于《诗》,鬼方见于《易》,赤狄、白狄、山戎、陆浑、雒戎、戎蛮子见于《春秋》。自后世观之,四夷不庭,征之可也。考之当时舞干之化、薄伐之举、三年之克、五利之议,未尝逞威兵革,以从事于杀戮。而古人于此方且反躬自咎,谦恭退抑,听其自附而信其自去。何邪?盖圣贤论中兴之本,不先于外攘,而先于内修政事。夫子论远人不服,则修文德以来之,而兵武之事绝口不及。如其论至夷狄,乃喻以虎狼之暴,抗以戈戟,则必致于伤人。蚊虻之螫未伤筋骨,决意于一殴者,必被其虿。伯业之盛,二百四十二年之中,莫晋若也。晋之为晋,宜若曲尽夫制外之术矣。而魏绛之答晋侯,顾以和戎狄为中国之福,未尝举征讨之事。严尤、刘贶论周汉之得策,他不暇恤,独以兵连祸结为戒。其间惟善于交通者,皆躐等而取之。
此不特后世之君臣其说尔也。昔者太王居豳,狄人侵之,事之以皮币、犬马、珠玉,俱不得免。而后知狄人之所欲者,吾土地也。当是之时,从之者如归市,似可以决去就矣。大王乃谓:“君子不以其所以养人者害人。”始甘心于岐山之易。故仁人之称,见于当时;培植之意,有及于八百年垂世之远。君子不以大王之避狄为畏怯不武,而取其能屈己爱民,以为周家立国之本。越王勾践困辱于会稽之栖,卧薪尝胆十有八年,未尝汲汲于兵,以求快意。迨夫黄池之会有衅可乘,于是一举而败吴,再举而亡之。君子不以其屈意于先者为可耻,而嘉其成功于憔悴无聊之后者为善虑敌。汉高帝诛秦蹙项,力非不足也。而匈奴之事,力主和亲,以为五世之利。文帝海内富庶,兵非不强也。而遣使外夷,结辙于道,一于和议是主。武帝不从韩安国之说,穷兵黩武,海内虚耗,后世至与秦皇同日而非诋之。非治外太严,他日反有以自弊欤?马燧之为将,诚智矣。而其论息师之便,则以盟戎百年无虏患为利。陆贽之论谏,后世未易拟议也。而其论夷狄一节,亦谓和戎虽非善经,亦时事有不得已,不若姑令和亲。噫!尺蠖之屈,将以求伸。鸷鸟之击,卑飞敛翼。凡天下之物,惟其有所抑也,而后有所逞也。
古有常言:缙绅之儒则守和亲,介胄之士则言征伐。此固各主一见,以为去就之计,实人情之通患也。且今日之事,中外之臣初皆以为进取矣。自郭倪不得涟、泗,李汝翼、田俊迈、郭倬不得符离,李爽不得二蔡,皇甫不得唐、邓,而后进取之说始不入于庙堂大臣之耳,次皆以为退守矣。自魏友谅不守神马坡,陈孝庆不守南巢,林管不守复沙,郭亻巽不守胥浦桥,夏兴祖、商荣不守喻口、淮口,而退守之说始不惬于庙堂大臣之心。至进战、退守之策两皆不得,而庙堂一意于和议也。中外之士咸曰:祖宗之大仇未报,中原之块土未复;胡运已衰,虏势尤弱。与其供输币帛以益其粮馈,孰若效死于一战?殊不知驱吾之赤子以就锋镝,与夫通金帛以息民者,其失为孰多?耗天下之财馈,以资遗黎涂炭之苦,其与夫卑辞下礼、暂屈一时之重,以免天下元元之愁叹者,其得为孰多?此和议之讲,实今日之先务也。
今之窃议者不过曰:罢招军之令,则挫天下豪杰之心;结宣招之局,则失天下将帅之望。殊不知将不去边,兵不撤备,外虽住招,而内反有以全吾军息肩弛担之心,豪杰之心实未尝挫;急于自固,缓于求胜,外虽罢局,而内反有以全吾军养锐待敌之策,将帅之望实未尝失。和议何损于豪杰、将帅邪?又不过曰:昔柳浑谓夷狄人面兽心,易以兵制,难以信结,后果有变;韦伦言吐蕃狼子野心,难事信约,宜谨边备,后果有为所误。殊不知匈奴之叛,在于汉人恃和无备之时;吐蕃之渝盟,在于唐人恃和罢兵之日。备之既去,则变之所必生;兵之既罢,则误之所必至。和奚罪邪?又不过曰:靖康之变始于二三大臣专主和议,而不任兵革,以故虏道无厌,百求皆副,至于穷极,而北狩之祸终于不免。殊不知靖康之变,事出权臣,国无良将,忠义之气不伸,守御之备不设。兵则恐其伤于和而不敢言,谋则狃其主于和而不敢发。京师之兵有名而无实,勤王之兵久发而不至。此其为祸,和奚罪邪?
臣尝遍观古今中国之所以待夷狄者矣:兵争之失在于士大夫逞忿恃兵,而讳言和议;和议之失在于士大夫惩已往之咎,而耻言用兵。故征伐者不至于困弊之极,则不复言和议;和议者不至于罢兵撤备为敌所误,则不复言征伐。二者胥失也。人皆知唐突厥寇太原,且遣使和亲。帝问计,德彝曰:“彼有轻中国之心,谓我不能战。若乘其急击之势,必胜。胜而后和,威德两全矣。”暗者于此,遂以为德彝之论先战后和,足以使终帝之世无突厥患;今日之未胜而和,非威德之不相济欤?臣窃以为不然。考帝之于突厥,小大之战不过数遇,南北之兵不过数万。唐据堂堂中国之全胜;突厥虽曰盛强,不过夷之中一偏虏耳。德彝之论,所谓以大制小。而今日之事,所谓以小制大也。威德两全之策倒施于今,岂不反速夫败亡之祸邪?
今中外之臣、草茅之士,徒知痛二陵不反之冤,洗三朝未雪之耻。见币帛之输,莫不含秽忍忿,思与之不共戴天;见词命之遣,莫不泣血铭心,思与之不并生于斯世。此三尺童子之所通知,而愚夫愚妇之所共晓者也。吁!边民失其故业,内地苦于征徭;版曹内虚,总司外耗;将帅无谋,士卒悖命;军储无蓄,国用不充。当是之时,利于兵争邪,抑利于和议邪?夫万金之囊,穷博于终夜之力,所存无几。取其未尽之资卷而怀之,以俟夫他日再举。周旋于胜负未分之地,犹愈于索手于一决。弈黑白于一枰之交,智者知其未必胜,宁负已输之名,而掩其终不可救之迹,犹为存体。今日之势,大耻之未雪,未足以为国家之重轻。再战而不利,三战而不捷,则天下乘其弊而起,在国家何以为自存之策?故陵之未反,块土之未复,未足以系今日之安危。生灵之涂炭,将士之死伤,边民之饿莩,父兄死于疆场,复驱其子弟于败衄之场,安危之机实在此一决耳。古人非不知子女之不可遣,玉帛之不可遗,土地之不可割也。汤事葛,文王事昆夷,君子以为仁;大王事獯鬻,勾践事吴,君子以为智。然则今日之和,非真怯也,全吾仁以待他日可乘之机耳;非真畏也,养吾智以俟异时可投之隙耳。今行人屡遣词说、屡通币帛之好已成,谕成之使已至,可谓国家之大福,生灵之大幸矣。臣愚犹虑虏庭或有邀求,而庙堂大臣不俞其请;虏使或肆傲慢,而庙堂大臣不加之礼。使前日屈尊忍辱之举,败于九仞一篑之微。师徒无备,边野不实,其利害尤甚于兵争之日。岂不大有可畏!欲望圣慈,体三代之君所以待夷狄之心,下效汉唐之君所以事夷狄之意,忍一时之辱,图万世之利。毋惑于草莱书生之谈,毋动摇于武夫将士之论,期与斯民同归于安靖和平之域,以寿吾国家千万斯年之脉。实天下幸甚。虽然,和议之献已详于前矣。臣尝闻之,和未成而张兵,则必有以启敌人之疑心;和已成而废兵,则他日之祸盖有甚于未和之先者。故越人卧薪尝胆之举,柳浑后变之论,韦伦后误之策,德彝之计,靖康之鉴,如前所论,未易枚举。
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