第二百六十六章 开中法(2 / 2)

大宰相 有限无敌 0 字 2021-03-13

但自强力皇帝朱元璋、朱棣父子死后,开中法在明朝权贵及各方利益集团的眼中已然成为了他们权力寻租的目标。</p>

成化、弘治年间,由于私盐盛行,权贵等又随意向皇帝奏讨占窝、垄断开中,造成盐引的派发量大大超出了盐业的产能允许范围,这迫使大量边地商人空有盐引,却无盐可领,只能在盐场等待新盐的产出,有的需要等待守支数十年的情况出现,这极大的打击了边商输粮支边的热情,导致开中法的执行变得举步维艰,很难再像洪武、永乐年间那般良好运行。明嘉靖十三年,户部给事中管怀里总结了开中法被破坏的危害。</p>

开中法已然崩坏,明朝盐政收入受到极大影响。为了保证盐业的收入,明朝并未从根源上解决开中法出现的问题,反而选择了本末倒置的折色法,妄图挽救日益窘困的财政问题。</p>

明弘治五年,时任孝宗皇帝户部尚书的叶淇提出了纳银领取盐引的办法,即“折色法”。从此规定商人们以后不需再将军需运往边镇,只要向国库缴纳银两,就可获取盐引。</p>

虽然,明朝通过这种方式在一年之内就为国库增加了百万两白银的收入。但是,叶淇对盐政的改革,彻底的改变了明朝初年开中法“盐政边政相结合”的国家军事战略方针,取而代之的是以食盐专卖为获取财政收入的直接手段。</p>

这种短视的做法只看到了眼前的财政利益,却没有看到对国家战略层面的影响。原先得益于开中法的边商,为获得更高的利润,直接建设边镇商屯,促进了边区军需供应充足,但折色法的出台,直接将边镇经济发展的基础抽离,边商逐步撤出,商屯荒废,边镇军需再度紧张,军费支出大幅提升,明朝陷入了更加可怕的财政危机。</p>

明初开中法的制定,可以说并不仅仅是一项经济制度,更多的可以看做是对国防有益的国家引导政策。它为明朝带来了三种好处。</p>

首先,开中法不仅巧妙的将原来国家所承担的粮食采购运输工作,分解打包给商人主动承担,有效降低了国家的物流成本及不必要的损耗。</p>

其次,通过“银——粮——盐引”的方式,带动了商人参与食盐销售的热情,引导商人将食盐销售到盐价居高的地区,起到平抑盐价的作用,促进了对食盐专卖系统的自我完善。</p>

最后,也是最为关键的在于通过这种利益政策的引导,促使商人们从利润角度出发,自发的从内地雇佣劳动力前往边镇开垦荒地,无形中促进了人口向边地的迁徙,边镇汉人数量增加,荒地被开垦,随之改善边镇生存条件,并最终增强明朝边防实力。</p>

但好的政策需要的更多是监督与维护,自明太祖朱元璋之后,封建王朝对政策无法做到一贯性的弊病开始显现,原有的良政被权贵及各方利益集团所染指。同时,短视的明朝为解决暂时的财政困难,改变原有具有重大国家战略意义的开中法为套取直接收入的折色法,进一步的破坏了明朝对边镇建设的基石,并最终为明朝中后期边镇军费不断上涨拖垮明朝财政埋下了伏笔。</p>

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