第三百零一章 离枝 13(2 / 2)
白锦玉凤辰
伪装清纯
0 字
2021-04-12
蜀国元气大伤之时,曹丕联合东吴与蜀汉降将孟达、南蛮孟获进攻。诸葛亮临危不惧,派出马超、赵云等猛将把守关口,又派出李严、邓芝等人说服孟达和东吴,安居平五路。
为完成刘备匡扶汉室的遗愿,诸葛亮决计征伐曹魏。为保后方太平,诸葛亮先与东吴结盟,继而亲领大军远征云南,以七擒七纵的大仁大智,平定南蛮孟获之乱。
后曹丕病逝,其子曹睿即位,曹魏大权握于司马懿手中。诸葛亮率领兵马六出祁山,决心为恢复汉室鞠躬尽瘁。在此期间,诸葛亮收服姜维,并以平生所学相授。曹魏则以司马懿为统帅与蜀军对阵。诸葛亮与司马懿,这两位旷世奇才在无数次战斗中展开周旋,并在这样的斗争中相互敬慕。诸葛亮六出祁山,蜀汉与曹魏之间的战争延绵数载,却互有胜负。诸葛亮最终因为操劳过度在五丈原病逝,蜀汉举国同悲。
六、三分归晋天下一统
姜维继承诸葛亮遗志继续兴兵伐魏,先后九次出征中原,却因为国力衰微和奸臣陷害,只能退避沓中屯田。魏将邓艾趁蜀国内乱之际发兵进攻,偷渡阴平继而兵临成都。蜀主刘禅不战而降,蜀汉至此灭亡。姜维图谋复国,最终因为事机败露自杀身亡。
东吴自孙权死后,内乱不止。吴主孙亮被独揽大权的孙琳所废,孙休被立为帝。孙休联合老将丁奉除掉孙琳将大权夺回手中,但东吴此时也已呈现大江东去之势。
曹睿死后,魏主曹芳继位。司马懿发动“高平陵之变”从大将军曹爽手中夺得兵权。继而其子司马师、司马昭兄弟把持魏国大权,并另立曹髦为帝,司马家族自此权势滔天。司马昭进而公然弑君,杀死魏主曹髦。此后,司马昭之子司马炎篡位,改国号为晋,魏国灭。吴主孙皓最终也投降西晋,百余年的战乱从此平息,天下一统。[3]
元末明初,社会矛盾尖锐,农民起义此起彼伏,群雄割据,多年战乱后朱元璋剿灭群雄,推翻元王朝,建立明王朝。期间人民流离失所,罗贯中作为一名杂剧和话本作者,生活在社会底层,了解和熟悉人民的疾苦,期望社会稳定,百姓安居乐业,作为底层的知识分子思考,并希望结束动荡造成的悲惨局面。由此就东汉末年的历史创作了《三国演义》这部历史小说。[7]
题材来源
西晋陈寿所著《三国志》是三国故事的最早源头,但这是纪传体的史书,记事简略,粗陈梗概。南朝宋人裴松之为《三国志》作注,增加了许多奇闻轶事,传奇色彩与可读性都大大增强。中唐史学家刘知袭在《史通》中说,诸葛亮未死的故事已“得之于行路,传之于众口”,可见这个时期三国故事已广泛流传于民间。晚唐李商隐的《骄儿涛》中有“或谑张飞胡,或笑邓艾吃”的诗句,说明至迟在晚唐时三国故事已妇孺皆知,宋代通过艺人的表演说唱,三国故事更为流行,并且已经表现出“尊刘贬曹”的鲜明倾向。金元时代三国故事被大量地搬上舞台,院本和杂剧中有许多三国故事剧。据《录鬼簿》和《太和正音谱》记载,仅元杂剧中就有近三十种演述三国故事的作品。《辍耕录》中记载的金院本有《襄阳会》《大刘备》《骂吕布》和《赤壁鏖兵》等。元英宗至治年间(1321—1323)出现新安虞氏(一说建安虞氏)所刊的《全相三国志平话》,这是今存最早的,也是唯一一部以三国故事为题材的平话。该书是民间传说中三国故事的写定本,约八万字,分上中下三卷,每卷都分上下两栏,上栏图相,下栏正文。全书以司马仲相断狱故事为人话,正话从刘关张桃园结义开始,结束于诸葛亮病死。从平话的内容和结构看,已粗具《三国演义》的规模,但整体描写粗枝大叶,文词鄙陋不通,故事情节离奇,多不符合正史记载,人名地名也多谬误,似乎还是未经文人润色的民间艺人作品。从上述的记载和残留的作品看,从晚唐到元末,在民间流行的三国故事愈来愈丰富,这为《三国演义》的创作提供了充分的条件。[2]
成书过程
元末明初,罗贯中在陈寿《三国志》和裴松之注的基础上,吸收民间传说和话本、戏曲故事,写成《三国演义》。已知最早刊本是嘉靖元年(1522年)刊刻的,
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