第二百九十七章 离枝 9(1 / 1)

【请至“潇湘书院app”阅读正版,1章1毛钱,《一妃》是参赛作品,有你的支持白锦玉凤辰才会赢,作者也才能写下去。本次发布防盗版,勿点】

景祐三年(1036年),范仲淹因不满宰相吕夷简把持朝政,培植党羽,任用亲信,向仁宗皇帝进献《百官图》,对宰相用人制度提出尖锐批评,劝说皇帝制定制度、亲自掌握官吏升迁之事。吕夷简不甘示弱,反讥范仲淹迂腐,诬蔑范仲淹“越职言事、勾结朋党、离间君臣”。范仲淹便连上四章[76],论斥吕夷简狡诈,因言辞激烈,遂被罢黜,改知饶州。[77-78]侍御史韩渎曲意迎合,列写范仲淹同党的姓名,奏请仁宗在朝廷张榜公示。[79]

范吕之争,牵连甚广。秘书丞余靖上书请求修改诏命[80];太子中允尹洙上疏自讼和范仲淹是师友关系,愿一起降官贬黜[81];馆阁校勘欧阳修责备高若讷身为谏官,对范仲淹被贬之事一言不发[82],蔡襄亦作《四贤一不肖》诗[83],攻击高若讷,皆牵连遭贬。朝臣畏惧宰相势力,莫敢置言。范仲淹被贬出京,竟无人敢送别,只有独龙图阁直学士李紘、集贤校理王质出郊饯行。[84]

景祐四年(1037年),吕夷简被免除宰相之职,士大夫们接连不断地替范仲淹辩白,双方互相辩驳,朋党争论四起。仁宗诏宰相张士逊问计,下诏禁止互结朋党。[85-86]

因范仲淹多次因谏被贬谪,梅尧臣作文《灵乌赋》力劝范仲淹少说话、少管闲事、自己逍遥就行。范仲淹回作《灵乌赋》,强调自己“宁鸣而死,不默而生”,尽显为民请命的凛然大节。[87]

戍边西北

宝元元年(1038年),党项族人李元昊称帝,建国号大夏(史称西夏),定都兴庆(今宁夏银川),与宋朝的外交关系正式破裂。次年,为逼迫宋朝承认西夏的地位,李元昊率兵进犯北宋边境,于三川口大败宋兵(三川口之战),集兵于延州城下,准备攻城。消息传至京师,朝野震惊。

康定元年(1040年)三月,因边事吃紧,仁宗以范仲淹众望所归,召回京师,担任天章阁待制、出知永兴军。[88]七月,升为龙图阁直学士,与韩琦并为陕西经略安抚副使,担任安抚使夏竦的副手。[89-90]八月,范仲淹请知延州,到任后,更改军队旧制,分部训练,轮流御敌;同时修筑青涧城和鄜城,作为军事基地,节省边境开支。仁宗诏命这支军队为康定军。[91-93]

康定二年(1041年)正月[94],仁宗诏命陕西各路讨伐西夏,范仲淹上疏,建议加强边防守备,固守郦延,以军威恩信招纳西羌归附(时羌族为元昊向导,为其所用),徐图西夏,仁宗采纳。范仲淹又奏请修筑承平、永平等要塞,把十二座旧要塞改建为城,以使流亡百姓和羌族回归。[95-96]

二月,元昊进兵渭州(今甘肃平凉),仁宗批准夏竦反攻计划,韩琦命尹洙谒见范仲淹,联络同时发兵。范仲淹认为反攻时机尚未成熟,坚持不从。韩琦派环庆路副都部署任福率兵出击,西夏军受挫撤退,任福下令急追,追至西夏境六盘山麓,于好水川遇伏被围,任福等十六名将领阵亡,折兵万余(好水川之战)。[97]四月,仁宗降夏竦为豪州通判,范仲淹为户部员外郎、知耀州,职责不变。[98]

范仲淹版画像

范仲淹版画像

主词条:庆历新政

庆历三年(1043年),元昊请求议和,西方边事稍宁,仁宗召范仲淹回京,授枢密副使[112],又擢拔欧阳修、余靖、王素和蔡襄为谏官(俗称“四谏”)[113],锐意进取。六月,谏官上言范仲淹有宰辅之才,仁宗欲拜为参知政事,范仲淹推辞不就;八月,仁宗罢免副宰相王举正,再拜范仲淹为参知政事。[114-115]

仁宗调整辅臣结构后,多次召见富弼、范仲淹等人,征询天下大事。范仲淹虽感谢皇恩,却认为事有先后,朝廷陈弊积久,非一朝一夕所能改变。仁宗遂亲笔诏书,开天章阁、陈设笔砚、赐坐以待。[116-117]范仲淹惶恐不安,退朝后作《答手诏条陈十事》,上疏仁宗“明黜陟、抑侥幸”等十件事。[118]仁宗采纳,诏书统一颁布,以示天下,只有府兵法,因辅臣反对而作罢。[119]

庆历四年(1044年),范仲淹又上疏仁宗“再议兵屯、修京师外城、密定讨伐之谋”等七事[120],并奏请扩大相权,由辅臣兼管军事、官吏升迁等事宜[121-122],改革广度和深度进一步增加。新政实施后,恩荫减少、磨勘严密,希图侥幸的人深感不便,于是毁谤新政的言论逐渐增多,指责范仲淹等是“朋党”的议论再度兴起。[123]六月,边事再起,范仲淹请求外出巡守,仁宗任命为陕西、河东宣抚使。[124]

庆历五年(1045年)正月,反对声愈加激烈,范仲淹请求出知邠州,仁宗准奏,遂罢免其参知政事之职,改为资政殿学士、知邠州,兼陕西四路缘边安抚使。冬十一月,范仲淹因病上表请求解除四路帅任、出任邓州,以避边塞严寒,仁宗升为给事中、知邓州。[125]随着范仲淹、富弼等大臣的离京,历时仅一年有余的新政也逐渐被废止,改革以失败告终。[126-127]

皇祐四年(1052年)正月,调知颍州。范仲淹扶疾上任,于五月二十日(6月19日[1])在徐州病逝,享年六十四岁。[135]十二月,葬于河南洛阳县尹樊里万安山下[136],仁宗亲书“褒贤之碑”,加赠兵部尚书,谥号“文正”。后累赠太师、中书令兼尚书令,追封楚国公。[137]

范仲淹任泰州西溪盐仓监时,征调民众4万多人,重修捍海堰。自天禧五年(1021年)至天圣四年(1026年)完成,新堤横跨通、泰、楚三州,全长约200华里,不仅当时人民的生活、耕种和产盐均有了保障,还在后世“捍患御灾”中发挥了重要作用,当地人民将所修之堤命名为“范公堤”,遗址迄今犹存。[29][138-141]

景祐元年(1034年),苏州久雨霖潦,江湖泛滥,积水不能退,造成良田委弃,农耕失收,黎民饥馑困苦,范仲淹出知苏州后,根据水性与地理农耕失收,黎民饥馑困苦,范仲淹出知苏州后,根据水性与地理环境

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