第一百一十八章 雷池 4(1 / 2)

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志不渝的崇高品格;《钗头凤·红酥手》一词,节奏急促,声情凄紧,先后两次感叹,荡气回肠,凄婉动人。

陆游集豪放婉约于一身,有不少词写得清丽缠绵,真挚动人,与宋词中的婉约派比较接近;而有些词常常抒发着深沉的人生感受,或寄寓着高超的襟怀,或寓意深刻,又和苏轼比较接近。最能体现陆游的身世经历和个性特色的,是慷慨雄浑、荡漾着爱国激情的词作,风格与辛弃疾比较接近。[115]但陆游词亦因风格多样而未能熔炼成独特的个性,有集众家之长、“而皆不能造其极”之感。[116-118]

散文

陆游在散文上颇有造诣,兼善众体,构思奇巧,文笔精纯。其中记铭序跋之类,或叙述生活经历,或抒发思想感情,或论文说诗,最能体现陆游散文的成就。同时也如在诗中一样,不时地表现着爱国主义的情怀。陆游还有一些别具风格的散文,书写乡居生活之状,淡雅隽永。

陆游的《入蜀记》是中国第一部长篇游记,内容丰富,举凡史事杂录、考据辩证、诗文评论、小说故事等应有尽有,形式灵活,长短不拘、文字颇简练;尤其过三峡的一部分,多有对自然风光、名胜古迹的历史人物的描述和品评,字里行间浸透着爱国之情,又饶有趣味。[119]随笔式散文《老学庵笔记》,笔墨虽简而内容甚丰,所记多系轶闻,颇有史料价值,是南宋笔记的精品。同时,陆游还善于四六,文集中有不少四六文精品,如陆游的《祭雷池神文》语言浅切而气势雄放,与其诗风颇近。[110]

史学成就

陆游还具有史才,陆游的史学成就,主要不在三作史官时所修的《两朝实录》和《三朝史》,而在于他私撰的《南唐书》。南宋时期,记述南唐历史的史籍有薛居正领导史馆所修的《旧五代史》、欧阳修私撰的《新五代史》等共计11个版本,陆游遍取诸本,按本纪、列传,编为《南唐书》十八卷。[120]

陆游编撰《南唐书》的目的在于借古鉴今,为南宋王朝树一面历史的镜子。在本纪中,陆游肯定南唐烈祖李昪为“唐宪宗第八子建王恪之玄孙(李恪)”,纠正了以中原五代为正朔的观念,并在书中多次使用“帝”、“我”等词语,借记述南唐国君治国、治民及用兵之法,抒发强烈的爱国情感。

陆游《南唐书》的史学成就主要表现在:①体制创新。陆书只有本纪和列传,成为纪传体断代史中的一个特例;尤其是其“类传”,除人物以类相从外,又创设《杂艺、方士、节义列传》(卷十七)、《浮屠、契丹、高丽列传》(卷十八),归类精当,史识更胜前人。②史评色彩鲜明。宋代理学兴盛,陆游秉承以道德而不以政绩作为评判人物的唯一准绳的观点,如多数史家都批判后主李煜沉迷诗词,不思政业,坐失南唐基业,陆游却先赞后主“天资孝纯”、“以爱民为急”,再对其“酷好浮屠”作简单批驳,最后总结为“虽仁爱足以感其遗民,而卒不能保社稷”。③严谨的治史精神。陆游辨前史之误,补前史之失,其书卷数、人物虽不及马令《南唐书》之多,但史料多经考证,“简核有法”,在史料的增补保存方面有巨大价值。[121-122]

赵翼:宋诗以苏、陆为两大家,后人震于东坡之名,往往谓苏胜于陆,而不知陆实胜苏也。(陆游诗)少工藻绘,中务宏肆,晚造平淡。朝廷之上,无不已划疆守盟、息事宁人为上策,而放翁独以复仇雪耻,长篇短咏,寓其悲愤。[95]

吴宽:以六经、左氏、庄、骚、班、马、韩、曾为师匠,而天资工力,自得尤深。[134]

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