第28章(2 / 2)

嗯……破题就像是现代写作文时的点明题意吗?崔燮不禁问道:“破题就是读明白题意之后,用自己的话解释一遍吗?”

林先生微微点头,“嗯”了一声:“简略说来便是如此,自前而后逐字逐义破的叫作顺破,反过来先破后文义,后破前文义的,叫作逆破。但并非说通就可,要抓住题目主旨,重在一个‘破’字。紧扣题面字眼逐字而破的叫作明破,若不露题面字眼,而另以一种说法指代之意的,则叫作暗破。王翰林这篇便是逐字直解周公效法先王施行仁政之举,算是明破。”

“再有破题时一个大忌,就是不能破到题中未有之句——你看这一句‘周公思兼三王以施四事’:你读题时要先记得这句题目于《孟子》中位于哪一篇、哪一句,然后将上下文贯通,明白其在文中之意,但破题时却不可牵连到上下文的文字。

“辟如你若在破题时点到三王是何人,所施四行是何物,这就算侵犯了题目上句,叫作连上;若是点到后句周公如何夜以继日思行善政,则称为犯下。你想那科举之时,考官、同考官判卷判得眼都花了,见了好的都无暇多看,见卷子先挑毛病,一眼看见你破题时侵犯上下文,是不是就赶快黜落了你,好少看一篇?”

是啊,小学生作文审题审偏了还得不了高分呢,会试这不到百分之十的录取率,题都答偏了还不干脆黜,有的是答得又正又好的等着录呢。

崔燮看他后面似乎还有许多要讲的,索性告了罪,回位子拿了个奏本式的自制趣÷阁记本,蘸着先生砚台里的墨汁开始记录。

林先生颇为赞许他这态度,把时文集侧过来摊在他面前,指着破题继续讲:“还有两大忌,就是破题时不能破完全题之义的,叫作漏题;或是虽破了全题字义,破题内容却生拼硬凑,不够浑融的,叫作骂题。能犯这两样错的,就说明你比那犯连上、侵下之错的学得好些,但到了考场上,也一样是连看都不看就黜落的下场。”

崔燮“唰唰唰”地往小本子上记着,写字时眼都不敢看纸,死死盯着先生,仿佛这样看着能听得更清楚些似的。

林先生又摇着头吟哦了一遍王鏊的破题,沉醉地道:“破题顾有破字、破句、破意三种破法,以破字为下,破句为中,破题中隐藏的圣人真意才是上品。你一个小学生,比不得王翰林那样的文章宗师,但破题时也要讲究文字简练浑融,堂皇气势,要有一口气贯通破题。若只将题目换个字眼,零拼碎凑成句,就落了下乘了。”

他摇头晃脑、慷慨激昂地说完了,忽然低头问了崔燮一句:“我这么说有些笼统,你学力还浅,未必体会得出来,我先给你讲几种破题的做法,你回去练一练,自己做过的才能体会的深。”

崔燮感觉到了庞大的家庭作业在向自己招手,心中微微叹气,低头应了一声:“是。”

林先生看着他说:“我先讲大题的做法,记下——破题可作两句,也可作三四句,但若求简明利落,最好就做成两句。或上句破题意、下句破题面,或上句破题面,下句破题意,如已矣也之类虚词,最好留在下句,上句不用虚词,方显得简明利落。

“如这篇探花文,便是上句破题面,下句破题意。上句紧扣本题逐字破解,下句则从本题散发至全章,以‘一忧勤惕励之心’之句承全章之旨,又不触及题外文字,极是清通简洁。当然你做破题时也可以上句提领全章之意,下句再扣本题。只是要小心,破题时可借题目上下句之意,万不要犯其字,落了连上侵下的大忌。”

崔燮一边点头一边猛记,脑海中的PDF也不断拉长,打定主意以后做作业、考试时都要把这些忌讳先拉出来读一遍,以免犯错。

林先生觉得这就讲得差不多了,见他也停了趣÷阁,便找他要来趣÷阁记,看着自己讲得哪儿有疏漏的地方,边看边说:“虽说童生试考的都是小题,可那些题是割裂截搭圣人文字而成的,若是初学做文就做那些,容易拘束才思。要做还是先从大题下手,才能宽阔胸襟,养出文章的气魄。我就从这篇时文集上挑几道大题给你留作功课,你一道题目破他三五个破题……”

他的话语忽然一断,眼角抽了抽,把崔燮那本趣÷阁记撂下,自然地转换了话题:“我再给你讲一个正破反破之法,你回去把这本会试程文前三篇的题目与破题抄下玩熟,自己再依次正破一遍、反破一遍、顺破一遍、逆破一遍,明天早上交给我。”

崔燮早被十二道破题震憾住了,完全没注意到他之前是漏讲了那两种破题法,只顾着屏气凝神、专心致志地听讲。

林先生又保住了师道尊严,讲得又痛快,对他这个尊师重道的学生更喜欢了,讲完之后还有些意犹未尽,觉得应该再多布置几道题才好。但他先已经说只破三篇,再追加也不太合适,于是去自己书房里取了一本沈度字的字帖回来交给崔燮,让他拿回家去,每天临二十页交上来。

作者有话要说:

修个BUG,破题时不是不能和原题有重复的字眼,只是人、东西的名字要用代称,我写错了,大家当没看见好吗

<--di--!>
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