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后汉初,张步据齐地十二郡。汉将耿讨之,壁于临淄。步与第三篮弘寿及大彤渠帅重异等兵(重姓,异名也),号二十万,至临淄大城,东将攻。先出淄水上,与重异遇,突骑欲纵。恐挫其锋,令步不敢进,故示弱以盛其,乃引归,水城陈兵于内。步盛,直攻营,与裨将刘歆等合战。升王宫怀台望之,(临淄本齐国所都,即齐王宫中之怀台也,《东观记》作怀台),视歆等锋交,乃自引精兵以横突步阵于东城下,大破之。

吕布从东缗与陈宫将万余人来与曹公战。时兵皆出取麦,在者不能千人,屯营不固。曹公乃令妇人守陴,悉将兵距之。屯西有大堤,其南林木幽深。布疑有伏兵,乃相谓曰:“曹公多诈,勿入伏中。”引军南屯十余里。明日复来,曹公隐兵堤里,出半兵堤外。布益进,乃令轻兵挑战。既合,伏兵乘堤,步骑并进,大败之。

魏大将军曹休从皖口深入与贼战。贾逵度贼无东关之备,必并军于皖,乃部署诸将水陆并进,行三百里,得生贼,言“休战败,孙权遣兵断夹石”。诸将不知所出,或欲待后军。逵曰:“休军败于外,路绝于内,进不能战,退不得还,安危之机,不及终日。贼以军无后继,故至此。合疾进,出其不意,所谓先人以夺其心,贼见吾兵必矣。若待后军,贼已断险,兵多何益?”乃兼道进军,多设旗鼓为疑兵,贼见逵军遂退。

蜀将姜维围狄道。魏将陈泰等进军,度高城岭潜行,夜至狄道西南高山之上,多举烽火鸣鼓角。城中见救者至,皆愤勇。维谓:“救兵当须集众乃发。”而卒闻已至,谓有奇变宿谋,上下震惧而去。

兵无计必败唐契丹李尽忠、孙万荣叛,有诏王孝杰起白衣为清边总管,统兵十八万讨之。

孝杰军至于夹石谷遇贼,道险虏甚众。孝杰率精锐之士为先锋,且战且行。及出谷,布方阵以捍贼。后军总管苏冗晖畏贼众,弃甲而遁。孝杰既无后继,为贼所乘,营中溃乱,孝杰堕谷而死,兵士被杀殆尽。时张说为节度管书记,驰奏其事。

则天问孝杰败亡之状,说曰:“孝杰忠勇敢死,深入贼境,以少御众。但为后援不至,所以致败。”兵多宜分军相继东魏大将高欢大举以伐西魏,将度蒲津,其将薛叔曰:“西贼连年饥馑,但宜分兵诸道,勿与野战。比及来年,麦秋人众,尽应饥死,西贼自然归降,愿无渡河也。”侯景亦曰:“今者兵众极大,万一不提,卒难收敛。不如分为二军相继而进,前军若胜,后军全力;前军若败,后军承之。”高欢皆弗听,遂有沙苑之败。

救兵春秋时,楚伍员与申包胥友(包胥,楚大夫)。其亡也,谓申包胥曰:“我必复楚国(复,报也)。”申包胥曰:“勉之,子能复之,我必能兴之。”及昭王在随,申包胥如秦乞师曰:“吴为封豕、长蛇,以荐食上国(荐,数也。言吴贪害如蛇、豕)。”立依于庭墙而哭,日夜不绝声,勺饮不入口七日,秦师乃出。

申包胥以秦师至,秦子蒲、子虎帅车五百乘以救楚(五百乘,三万七千五百人)。

子蒲曰:“吾未知吴道(道由去术)。”使楚人先与吴人战,而自稷会之,大败夫概王于沂(稷、沂,皆楚地)。

力少分军必败汉初,黥布反,渡淮击楚,楚发军与战徐僮间。楚为三军,欲以相救为奇兵。

或说楚将曰:“布善用兵,人素畏之。且兵法:自战其地为散地。今别为三军,彼败吾一军,馀皆走,安能相救?”楚将不听,布破其一军,二军散走,遂西与高帝兵遇于蕲西,大战,帝军散走。

后汉初,渔阳太守彭宠反,自将一万余人攻幽州剌史朱浮于蓟。光武使将军邓隆军路南,浮军雍奴,遣吏奏状,帝读檄怒谓使者曰:“营相去百里,其势岂得相及?比若还,此军必败矣。”宠果盛兵临河以拒隆,又别发轻骑二千袭其后,大破之。隆军去朱浮远,遂不能救,引而去。吴汉讨公孙述,乃进军攻广都,拔之。光武戒汉曰:“成都十余万众,不可轻也。但坚据广都,待其来攻,勿与争锋。若不敢来攻,公转营迫之。须其力疲,乃可击也。”汉乘利逐,自将步骑二万余进逼成都,去城十里,阻江北为营,作浮桥;使副将刘尚将万余人,屯于江南,相去二十余里。帝闻大惊,使责汉曰:“公既轻敌深入,又与尚别营,事有缓急,不复相及。贼若出兵缀公,而以大众攻尚,尚破,公即败矣。急引兵还广都!”诏书未到,述果使其将谢丰、袁吉攻汉,使别将攻尚。汉败入壁,丰围之。汉乃召诸将励之曰:“今与刘尚二处受围,其祸难量,欲潜师就尚于江南,并兵御之。若能同心一力,人自为战,大功可立。

如其不然,败以无余。”于是飨士秣马,闲营三日不出,乃多立幡旗,使烟火不绝。夜衔枚引兵,与尚合军。丰等不觉,明日分兵拒水北,自将攻江南。汉悉兵迎战,自辰至脯,遂大破之,斩谢丰、袁吉。于是引还广都,留刘尚拒述。帝报曰:“公还广都,甚得其宜,述必不敢略尚而击公也。若先攻尚,公从广都悉步骑赴之,破之必矣。”自是汉与述战于成都、广都之间,八战八克。

蜀先主引兵东下伐吴。魏文帝闻备立栅连营七百余里,谓群臣曰:“备不晓兵权,岂有七百里营可以拒敌者乎?包原隰险,阻而为军者,为敌所擒。此兵家之忌也。缓急不相救,一军溃则众心恐矣。”数日,果闻备败。

梁将王僧辨讨侯景,与陈霸先会于白矛湾,进克姑熟,次蔡洲。景登石头城,望官军之盛,不悦,密谓左右曰:“彼军上者如是紫,不易可当。”因率铁骑万人,声鼓而进。霸先谓僧辨曰:“善用兵者,如常山之蛇,首尾相应。贼今送死,欲为一战,我众彼寡,宜分其势。”僧辨然之,乃以强兵劲弩攻其前,轻锐躁其后,大兵冲其中。景遂夜溃,弃城而遁。

魏末,贼莫折后帜所在寇掠郡县。州人李贤率乡兵,与泾州剌史史宁讨之。

后帜列阵以待,贤谓宁曰:“贼结聚岁久,徒众甚多,数州之人皆为其用。我若总为一军,并力击之,彼既同恶相济,理必总卒于我。势既不分众,其莫敌我。

便究首尾,无以制之。今若令诸军分为数队,多设旗鼓,掎角而前,

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