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赋税中(齐梁后魏北齐后周隋)

齐高帝初,竟陵王子良上表曰:“宋文帝元嘉中,皆责成郡县,孝武徵求急速,以郡县迟缓,始遣台使,自此公役劳扰。凡此辈使人,既非详慎,贪险崎岖,以求此役。朝辞禁门,情态即异,暮宿村县,威福便行,驱迫邮传,侮折守宰。瞻郭睹境,飞下严符,但称行台,未明所督,摄总曹署,震惊郡邑。深村远里,俄刻十催。或尺布之逋,曲以当匹;百钱馀税,且增为千。诳云质作尚方,寄系东冶。百姓骇迫,不堪其命。恣意赃贿,无人敢言。贫薄礼轻,即生谤讟。愚谓凡诸检课,宜停遣使,明下符旨,审定期限,如有违越,随事纠坐,则政有恒典,人无怨咨。”子良又启曰:“今所在穀价虽和,室家饥嗛,(苦簟反。)缣纊虽贱,骈门裸质。而守宰务在裒刻,围桑品屋,以准赀课。致令斩树发瓦,以充重赋,破人败产,要利一时。东郡使人,年无常限,郡县相承,准令上直。每至州台使命,切求县急,乃有畏失严期,自残躯命,亦有斩绝手足,以避徭役。守长不务先富人,而唯言益国,岂有人贫於下而国富於上耶?又泉铸岁远,类多翦凿,江东大钱,十不一在。公家所受,必须轮郭。遂买本一千,加子七百,犹求请无地。且钱布相半,为制永久,或闻长宰须令输钱,进违旧科,退容奸利,欲人康泰,岂可得乎!”又启曰:“诸赋税所应纳钱,不限大小,但令所在兼折布帛,若杂物是军国所须者,听随价准直,不必尽令送钱。於公不亏其用,在私实荷其渥。昔晋氏初迁,江左草创,绢布所直,十倍於今。赋调多少,因时增减。永初中,官布一匹,直钱一千,而人所输,听为九百。渐及元嘉,物价转贱,私货则匹直六百,官受则匹准五百。所以每欲优人,必为降落。今入官好布,匹下百馀,其四人所送者,犹依旧制。昔为刻上,今为刻下,甿庶空俭,岂不由之。救人拯弊,莫过减赋。略其目前小利,取其长久大益,无患人赀不殷,国用不阜也。”

武帝时,豫章王嶷上表曰:“宋氏以来,州郡秩俸及杂供给,多随土所出,无有定准。夫理在夙均,政由一典。伏寻郡县长尉俸禄之制,虽有定科,而其馀资给,复由风俗,东北异源,西南各序,习以为常,因而弗变。顺之则固匪通规,澄之则靡不入罪。岂约法明章,先令后刑之谓也。臣谓宜使所在,各条件公田秩俸迎送旧典之外,守宰相承,有何供课。尚书精加勘覆,务存优衷,事在可通,随宜颁下,四方永为恒制。”帝从之。

自东晋寓居江左,百姓南奔者,并谓之侨人,往往散居,无有土著。而江南之俗,火耕水耨,土地卑湿,无有蓄积之资。诸蛮陬俚洞,霑沐王化者,各随轻重收财物,以裨国用。又岭外酋帅,因生口、翡翠、明珠、犀象之饶,雄於乡曲者,朝廷多因而署之,以收其利。历宋齐梁陈,皆因而不改。其军国所须杂物,随土所出,临时折课市取,乃无恒法定令。列州郡县,制其任土所出,以为徵赋。其无贯之人,不乐州县编户者,谓之浮浪人,乐输亦无定数任量,惟所输终优於正课焉。都下人多为诸王公贵人左右、佃客、典计、衣食客之类,皆无课役。官品第一第二佃客无过四十户,每品减五户,至第九品五户。其佃穀皆与大家量分。其典计,官品第一第二置三人,第三第四置二人,第五第六及公府参军、殿中监、监军、长史、司马、部曲督、关外侯、材官、议郎以上,一人,皆通在佃客数中。官品第六以上,并得衣食客三人,第七第八二人,第九品及轝辇、迹禽、前驱、强弩司马、羽林郎、殿中冗从武贲、殿中虎贲、持椎斧武骑虎贲、持鈒(色立反)冗;从虎贲、命中武贲武骑,一人。其客皆注家籍。其课,丁男调布绢各二丈,丝三两,绵八两,禄绢八尺,禄绵三两二分,租米五石,禄米二石。丁女并半之。男年十六亦半课,年十八正课,六十六免课。其男丁,每岁役不过二十日。其田,亩税米二升。盖大率如此。其度量三升当今一升,秤则三两当今一两,尺则一尺二寸当今一尺。(今谓即时。)

自梁武帝末侯景之乱,国用常褊,京官文武,月别唯得廪食,多遥带一郡县官而取其禄秩焉。扬、徐等大州,比令仆班。(扬州督王畿,理在建康,徐州督重镇,理在京口,并外官刺史最重者。尚书令、仆射,官品第三也。)宁、桂等小州,比参军班。(宁州理建宁,今云南郡。桂州理始安,今郡。并外官刺史最轻者。府参军,官品第六也。)丹阳郡、吴郡、会稽等郡,并同太子詹事、尚书班。(丹阳郡理建康,吴郡、会稽即今郡,并列郡最重者。詹事、尚书,官品第三也。)高凉、晋康等小郡,三班而已。(高凉、晋康即今郡,并列郡最轻者。梁武帝定九品后,其内官更为十八班,以班多者为贵。同班者则以居下为劣,则与品第高下不伦。当是其时更以清浊为差耳。本史既略,不可详也。)大县六班,小县两转方至一班,品第既殊,不可委载。其州郡县禄米绢布丝绵,当处输台传仓库。若给刺史守令等,先准其所部文武人物多少,由敕而裁。凡如此禄秩,既通所部兵士给之,其家得盖少。诸王诸主出阁就第,婚冠所须及衣裳服饰并酒米鱼鮭香油纸烛等,并官给之。王及主婿外禄者不给。解任还京,仍亦公给。

后魏道武帝天兴中,诏采诸漏户,令输纶绵。自后诸逃户占为茧罗縠者甚众,於是杂营户帅遍於天下,不隶守宰,赋役不同,户口错乱。景穆帝即位,一切罢之,以属郡县。

魏令:每调一夫一妇帛一匹,粟二石。人年十五以上未娶者,四人出一夫一妇之调;奴任耕、婢任绩者,八口当未娶者四;耕牛二十头当奴婢八。其麻布之乡,一夫一妇布一匹,下至牛,以此为降。大率十匹中五匹为公调,二匹为调外费,三匹为内外百官俸。人年八十以上,听一子不从役。孤独病老笃贫不能自存者,三长内迭养食之。

旧制,人閒所织绢布,皆幅广二尺二寸,长四十尺为一匹,六十尺为一端。后乃渐至滥恶,不依尺度。

孝文帝延兴三年秋,更立严制,令一准前式,违者罪各有差。冬十月,诏州郡人十丁取一以充行,户收租五十石,以备军粮。

太和八年,始准古班百官之禄,以品第各有差。先是,天下户以九品混通,户调帛二匹,絮二斤,丝一斤,粟二十石。又入帛一匹二丈,委之州库,以供调外之费。至是,户增帛三匹,粟二石九斗,以为官司之禄。复增调外帛满二匹,所调各随其土所出。其司、冀、雍、华、定、相、泰、洛、荆河、怀、兖、陕、徐、青、齐、济、南河、东兖、东徐等州,贡绵绢及丝,其馀郡县少桑蚕处,皆以麻布充。

孝明帝时,张普惠上疏曰:“伏闻尚书奏复绵麻之调,遵先皇之令轨,复高祖之旧典。仰惟高祖废大斗,去长尺,改重秤,所以爱百姓,从薄赋。知军国须绵麻之用,故立幅度之规,亿兆荷轻赋之饶,不惮於绵麻而已,故歌舞以供其赋,奔走以役其勤,天子信於上,亿兆乐於下。自兹以降,渐渐长阔,百姓怨嗟,闻於朝野。宰辅不寻其本,知天下之怨绵麻,不察其幅广、度长、秤重、斗大,革其所弊,存其可存,而特放绵麻之调,以悦天下之心。此所谓悦之不以道,愚臣所以未悦者也。尚书既知国少绵麻,不惟法度之翻易,人言之可畏,便欲去天下之大信,弃已行之成诏,遵前之非,遂后之失,奏求还复绵麻,以充国用。不思库中大有绵麻,而群官共窃利之。愚臣以为於理未尽。何者?今官人请调度造衣物,必度量,绢布匹有尺丈之盈,犹不计其广,丝绵斤两兼百铢之賸,未闻依律罪州郡者。若一匹之滥,一斤之恶,则鞭户主,连及三长。此所谓教人以贪也。今百官请俸,只乐其长阔,并欲厚重,无复准极。得长阔厚重者,便云其州能调,绢布精阔且长,横发美称,以乱视听。此百司所以仰负圣明者也。今若必复绵麻,谓宜先令四海知其所由,明立严禁,复本幅度,新绵麻之典,依太和之税。其在库绢布并及丝绵不依典制者。请遣一尚书与太府卿、左右藏令,依今官度官秤,计其斤两广长,折给请俸之人。总常俸之数,年俸所出,以布绵麻,亦应周其一岁之用。使天下知二圣之心,爱人惜法,如此则高祖之轨中兴於神龟,明明慈信昭布於无穷,孰不幸甚。”

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