第二百五十五章 陇西用兵(1 / 2)

唐朝好郎君 叶苑风 0 字 2021-04-28

3、垂拱二年(686年)至长寿元年(692年),第三次交换控制权。

垂拱二年(686年)十一月,武则天曾以“务在仁不在广,务在养不在杀,将以息边鄙,休甲兵,行乎三皇五帝之事者也”为由,“拔”四镇,镇军全部撤回西州,四镇再度易手。

唐朝之所以要放弃安西四镇,主要因为高宗去世后,武则天临朝称制。国内先发生了徐敬业叛乱,接着程务挺、王方翼等名将相继被杀,刘仁轨、裴行俭等宿将也先后死亡。

而北方东突厥势力再起,连续袭扰边境。吐蕃则乘机再次入疆,攻破焉耆,威逼四镇安全。

在这种情况下,武则天不得不以“养民”为借口进行战略收缩,放弃安西地区,固守北疆伊、西、庭三州和河西走廊。

但很快,吐蕃就用军事行动证明“拔”四镇是个昏招。

唐朝撤出四镇镇军后,被寄予防御厚望的四镇诸酋长,大多迅速倒向吐蕃,有些干脆成了带路党。

吐蕃军队迅速在安西站稳了脚跟,并沿着沙漠东缘一路向东,连克重镇播仙镇(今且末)和若羌,兵锋直指沙州(敦煌)。

武则天平定唐宗室诸王之乱后,重新开始在西域落子布局。

她先命行军司马宋师将,出兵收复焉耆作为试探。成功之后,又于永昌元年689年五月,命韦待价领唐军西进,攻击在吐蕃安西的军队。

可惜,韦待价在寅识迦河(今新疆伊宁西南),再度惨败于钦陵之手。当时恰逢天降大雪,唐军士卒在旷野上败退,冻饿交困,伤亡甚众。

寅识迦河之败后,武则天并不甘心失败。

公元692年(长寿元年),西州(今新疆吐鲁番)都督唐休璟上书请求四镇。

武则天随即以王孝杰领十八万唐军再入西域,重挫蕃将勃论赞,“克复龟兹、于阗等四镇,自此复于龟兹置安西都护府,用汉兵三万人以镇之”。

有了重兵驻守的安西四镇,此后基本保持了稳定。

虽然,两年后(延载元年,694年)吐蕃卷土重来。但王孝杰在安西、北庭唐军配合下,连续在大岭、冷泉两地,大败吐蕃大将论赞刃和西突厥十姓可汗阿史那·俀子,重创蕃、突联军六万人。

之后,唐军稳固控制安西四镇的局面,一直保持到安史之乱爆发。

综上所述,由于西域史料缺乏、凌乱,且各书记载多有相悖之处。故史学界对安西四镇初置时间、四镇初置时的组成,以及废置次数存在很多争论。

单就四镇废置的次数,便有三置三弃、四置四弃、五置五弃、六置六弃四种观点。

所幸,随着近年来一批简牍和墓志铭在新疆出土,四镇废置问题逐渐变得清晰。

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